tcpdump的-D获取接口设备列表。看到此列表后，可以决定要在哪个接口上捕获流量。它还告诉你接口是否已启动、正在运行，以及它是否是环回接口，如下所示：

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -D
1.ens160 [Up, Running]
2.lo [Up, Running, Loopback]
3.any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces) [Up, Running]
4.bluetooth-monitor (Bluetooth Linux Monitor) [none]
5.nflog (Linux netfilter log (NFLOG) interface) [none]
6.nfqueue (Linux netfilter queue (NFQUEUE) interface) [none]
7.usbmon0 (All USB buses) [none]
8.usbmon1 (USB bus number 1)
9.usbmon2 (USB bus number 2)

-c 选项捕获 X 个数据包，然后停止。否则，tcpdump 将无限地继续运行。因此，当只想捕获一小部分数据包样本时，可以使用此选项。但是如果接口上没有数据流量，tcpdump 会一直等待。

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i any
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
17:33:47.713379 IP localhost.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 714380127:714380371, ack 1854022435, win 388, length 244
17:33:47.713785 IP localhost.localdomain.36821 > _gateway.domain: 36365+ PTR? 1.43.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (43)
17:33:47.713939 IP 192.168.43.1.39970 > localhost.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 244, win 4104, length 0
17:33:47.716053 IP _gateway.domain > localhost.localdomain.36821: 36365 NXDomain 0/1/0 (78)
17:33:47.716543 IP localhost.localdomain.57441 > _gateway.domain: 61445+ PTR? 131.43.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (45)
5 packets captured
9 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

-n选项不将IP地址解析为域名，直接以IP地址显示：

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i any -n
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
17:36:38.980756 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 714383039:714383283, ack 1854024303, win 388, length 244
17:36:38.981032 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 244:440, ack 1, win 388, length 196
17:36:38.981096 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 440:604, ack 1, win 388, length 164
17:36:38.981153 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 604:768, ack 1, win 388, length 164
17:36:38.981208 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 768:932, ack 1, win 388, length 164
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

带有-sXXX 的 tcpdump 可帮助你控制捕获数据包的大小。在上一个输出的第三行中，可以看到它表示捕获大小 262144 字节。可以使用-s选项更改捕获数据大小。如果你只想检查数据包标头，则可以使用较小的大小进行捕获：

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i any -n -s64
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 64 bytes
17:47:44.437891 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 714405271:714405515, ack 1854033767, win 388, length 244
17:47:44.438153 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 244:440, ack 1, win 388, length 196
17:47:44.438220 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 440:604, ack 1, win 388, length 164
17:47:44.438301 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 604:768, ack 1, win 388, length 164
17:47:44.438361 IP 192.168.43.131.ssh > 192.168.43.1.39970: Flags [P.], seq 768:932, ack 1, win 388, length 164
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

tcpdump 允许你指定使用某个端口作为源或目标的网络数据包。例如，要捕获 DNS 流量，你可以使用端口 53。可以在 port选项前加上 src/dst。如 src port 53 或 dst port 53 并进一步过滤它。

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -i any port 53 -n
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
17:50:48.158109 IP 192.168.43.131.47054 > 192.168.43.2.domain: 58704+ A? www.baidu.com. (31)
17:50:48.158152 IP 192.168.43.131.47054 > 192.168.43.2.domain: 60504+ AAAA? www.baidu.com. (31)
17:50:48.159180 IP 192.168.43.2.domain > 192.168.43.131.47054: 60504 1/1/0 CNAME www.a.shifen.com. (115)
17:50:48.162018 IP 192.168.43.2.domain > 192.168.43.131.47054: 58704 3/0/0 CNAME www.a.shifen.com., A 180.101.49.11, A 180.101.49.12 (90)

下面只获取源端口为53的数据包，其中-nn选项表示不解析IP地址和端口：

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i any src port 53 -nn -s64
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 64 bytes
18:00:41.604216 IP 192.168.43.2.53 > 192.168.43.131.48245: 50676[|domain]
18:00:41.606390 IP 192.168.43.2.53 > 192.168.43.131.48245: 19947[|domain]
18:00:41.631001 IP 192.168.43.2.53 > 192.168.43.131.54536: 31350 NXDomain[|domain]
18:00:46.110591 IP 192.168.43.2.53 > 192.168.43.131.42379: 17512[|domain]
18:00:46.110603 IP 192.168.43.2.53 > 192.168.43.131.42379: 40562[|domain]
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

下面只获取目的端口为53的数据包：

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 5 -i any dst port 53 -nn -s64
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 64 bytes
18:01:22.568585 IP 192.168.43.131.49444 > 192.168.43.2.53: 27625+[|domain]
18:01:22.568623 IP 192.168.43.131.49444 > 192.168.43.2.53: 42481+[|domain]
18:01:22.595257 IP 192.168.43.131.45790 > 192.168.43.2.53: 28116+[|domain]
18:01:23.850730 IP 192.168.43.131.34861 > 192.168.43.2.53: 23444+[|domain]
18:01:23.850762 IP 192.168.43.131.34861 > 192.168.43.2.53: 23964+[|domain]
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

如果要将 tcpdump 的输出写入文件，请使用选项-w选项写入文件。如果想查看写了多少数据包，可以加-v选项。

[root@localhost ~]# tcpdump -c 4 -i any port 53 -nn -w dns.pcap -v
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
4 packets captured
6 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

tcpdump 用于收集有关网络流量数据的出色工具。数据包捕获为故障排除和安全分析提供了有用的信息。

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